What effect does aging typically have on physical performance?

Aging typically contributes to a decline in physical performance, particularly in terms of muscle mass and cardiovascular ability. As individuals age, there is a natural decrease in muscle mass due to a combination of factors, including hormonal changes, decreased physical activity, and alterations in protein metabolism. This loss of muscle mass, known as sarcopenia, can lead to diminished strength and power, impacting overall physical performance.

Furthermore, cardiovascular fitness often declines with age due to changes in heart structure, reduced efficiency of the cardiovascular system, and potential increases in body fat. This decline can negatively affect an individual's endurance and overall aerobic capacity.

In contrast, the other options present scenarios that are generally not aligned with the typical effects of aging. Increased muscle mass and flexibility are not typically outcomes of aging, as flexibility may also decline along with muscle mass. Improvement in bone density and strength is contrary to the common experience, as bones often become weaker and more fragile with age. Enhanced recovery times after exercise is not a standard effect of aging; older adults usually experience longer recovery periods due to slower tissue repair processes and decreased physical resilience. Thus, the answer reflects the well-documented effects of aging on physical performance.